Well, here are some of them.

Show us the science, the use of antibiotics in livestock is the cause of resistance to antibiotics, Dave Warner of the National Pork Board has told Washington Post back in June 2010, responding to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance document advising on sub-therapeutic use antibiotics in animal husbandry. Well, here are some of them. To be clear: Thats, it documents, not mine. Guts attack the problem comes from >> << but is planned for publication in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. He is accompanied by chicken, poultry and people in the Netherlands carried out the same, very drug-resistant E. coli

- resistance, which is obviously a transition from poultry raised with antibiotics for people through food. For those who think about these issues - those interested in sustainability, organic or small farms, those working to combat foodborne diseases - it may seem solved. And it should be. The first observation, which allows antibiotics to animals spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans have been, and steadily >> << c. However, the argument holds is that the connection is not waterproof, and the use of antibiotics outside agriculture - in strattera dosing the medicine man may be - can be charged with the huge increase in resistance to antibiotics. For those who do not want to believe in this regard - and this, for now, questions of faith more than the evidence - a new document also can not convince them. For me, however, it is more good evidence that excessive use of antibiotics in agriculture is a human health threat. Public-private team from the Netherlands (several universities and the National Institutes of Health and Environment) collected samples of E. coli, the ubiquitous error intestine of live poultry and from retail chicken meat. They looked for a pattern resistance: extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance, or ESBL. ESBL is an emerging problem in medicine man. It tends to appear in Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli

, and Klebsiella, species that cause nosocomial infections in vulnerable populations such as ICU and burn patients. ESBL provides protection from a family of drugs beginning with penicillin and apply for the next generation cephalosporins, and leaves the bacteria to treat only one remained a small family of drugs, karbapenemy. ESBL incidence has been steadily increasing over the past two decades, even in the European Union, where people use antibiotics is strictly controlled by government policy - that there are not many antibiotics washing around, provides selective pressure that leads to resistance. Microbiologists were interesting, as it could be. They were a close look at or use of antibiotics in livestock is stimulating ESBL resistance instead, and they made the provocative conclusions. In the Netherlands, for example - which has a conservative >> << human use of antibiotics, but the most liberal

agricultural use of antibiotics of any EU member state - the percentage of E. coli

, which was found in the intestines of chickens and carrying ESBL went up five times in the period between 2003 and 2008. Thus, in this new study, researchers searched for ESBL contain

E. coli bacteria in samples taken from chickens and stored in a national database is huge, and with 98 chicken breasts, which they purchased from 9 shops 3 independent butchers. They analyzed the presence of E. coli ESBL genes and plasmids - mobile loops of DNA that move between bacteria - containing these genes. They werent hard to find, or: Of the 98 chicken samples, 92 contained at least one ESBL. Then, the second phase, researchers Protyahnuvshys various national databases, resistant bacteria in humans. They looked for ESBL

contain E. coli, analyzed the genes and plasmids, and then look for correspondence between genes of human, plasmids and strains of bacteria, and they are already found in poultry. Have they found them? Well, they did. As a representative sample of human ESBL-positive E. coli

Isolates in the Netherlands, 35% contained ESBL genes and 19% contained ESBL-genes located on plasmids that were genetically different from isolates obtained in poultry In addition, 94% representative sample of chicken meat was contaminated with ESBL- producing E. coli

of which 39% belonged to genotypes also in human samples. Note: The human isolates were that the national database, so that people from whom they came ill, hospitalized with drug-resistant urinary tract infections and blood flow. Containing ESBL E. coli

hadnt caused visible disease of chickens, but it affected the people it has spread to. Criticism of this article will probably be the same as always: it's not been proven at the individual level. That is, no one gave antibiotics to a chicken, identified the development of resistance is that the chicken, to trace the spread of resistant bacteria from the chicken (in its manure and thus into the environment, and in the flesh at slaughter and thus retail) prospectively defined a free way of life, which is now resistant organism affect, and followed the development of disease in that person. Nobody will do this experiment: it is impossible to construct experimentally and Wouldnt be ethical if you try. But no need. The case was brought for the whole population >> <<: populations of chickens, a collection of chicken, human population. If you look at 30 years of research on the subject, it has been proven again and again. CITES: Leverstein-van Hall, MA et al. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry, the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains. Clinical microbiology and infection. Accepted article, http://dx. DOI. org/10. 1111 / in. 1469-0691. In 2011. 03497. x, Pappas, J. Animal farm called ESBL: Antimicrobial resistance as zoonoses. Clinical microbiology and infection. Accepted article, http://dx. DOI. org/10. 1111 / in. 1469-0691. In 2011. 03498. ies. Flickr / /. << >>